UNIT 7
1. CONNECTORS / LINKERS OF CONTRAST
CONNECTORS OF ADDITION
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And, also, in addition, furthermore, moreover, as well as.
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CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST
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But, however, nevertheless, on the one hand / on the other hand, in spite of / despite, although /even though, but
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USE
AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE
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In addition, furthermore, moreover, however, nevertheless, on the one hand, on the other hand.
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EITHER AT THE BEGINNING OR IN THE MIDDLE
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Despite, in spite of, although, even though.
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ONLY IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE
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And, but, also, as well as
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Some Examples:
Type of Connector
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Connector(s)
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Examples
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Coordinating conjunction
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but
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High level positions are stressful at times, but the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.
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Subordinating conjunctions
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whereas, while
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While high level positions are stressful at times, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.
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Conjunctive adverbs in contrast
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on the other hand
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High level positions are stressful at times; on the other hand, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.
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Prepositions
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unlike
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Unlike the undesirable stress of high level positions, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.
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Online Practice
2. ADJECTIVES DESCRIBING PERSONALITY
http://www.esltower.com/GRAMMARQUIZ/intermediate/personality%20adjectives2.htm
http://www.englishexercises.org/exercise.asp?id=3220
http://www.englishexercises.org/exercise.asp?id=6424
http://www.englishexercises.org/exercise.asp?id=7620
http://www.englishexercises.org/exercise.asp?id=3220
http://www.englishexercises.org/exercise.asp?id=6424
http://www.englishexercises.org/exercise.asp?id=7620
3. THE –ing VERB:
GERUNDS (-ing)
When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a present participle. It is important to understand that they are not the same.
A) When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund:
ü Fishing is fun.
B) When we use a verb in -ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually a present participle:
ü Anthony is fishing.
ü I have a boring teacher.
C) Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement
Try to think of gerunds as verbs in noun form.
Like nouns, gerunds can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence:
ü Smoking costs a lot of money.
ü I don't like writing.
ü My favorite occupation is reading.
D) But, like a verb, a gerund can also have an object itself. In this case, the whole expression [gerund + object] can be the subject, object or complement of the sentence.
ü Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money.
ü I don't like writing letters.
ü My favorite occupation is reading detective stories.
E) Like nouns, we can use gerunds with adjectives (including articles and other determiners):
ü pointless questioning
ü a settling of debts
ü the making of Titanic
ü his drinking of alcohol
ü
F) But when we use a gerund with an article, it does not usually take a direct object:
ü a settling of debts (not a settling debts)
ü Making "Titanic" was expensive.
ü The making of "Titanic" was expensive.
G) Do you see the difference in these two sentences? In one, "reading" is a gerund (noun). In the other "reading" is a present participle (verb).
ü My favorite occupation is reading.
ü My favorite niece is reading.
Explanation
Reading as gerund (noun)
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Main Verb
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Complement
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My favorite occupation
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is
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reading
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My favorite occupation
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is
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Football.
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Reading as present participle (verb)
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Auxiliary Verb
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Main Verb
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My favorite niece
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is
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reading.
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My favorite niece
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has
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finished.
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This is a good rule. It has no exceptions!
A) If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. It is impossible to use an infinitive after a preposition. So for example, we say:
ü I will call you after arriving at the office.
ü Please have a drink before leaving.
ü I am looking forward to meeting you.
ü Do you object to working late?
ü
ü Tara always dreams about going on holiday.
B) Notice that you could replace all the above gerunds with "real" nouns:
ü I will call you after my arrival at the office.
ü Please have a drink before your departure.
ü I am looking forward to our lunch.
ü Do you object to this job?
ü Tara always dreams about holidays.
The above rule has no exceptions! So why is "to" followed by "driving" in 1 and by "drive" in 2?
1. I am used to driving on the left.
2. I used to drive on the left.
Explanation
TO as preposition
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Preposition
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I am used
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to
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driving on the left.
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I am used
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to
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animals.
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TO as infinitive
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Infinitive
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I used
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to drive
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on the left
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I used
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to smoke.
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GERUNDS AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
A) We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the second verb is in the infinitive form, for example:
ü I want to eat.
B) But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for example:
ü I dislike eating.
C) This depends on the first verb. Here is a list of verbs that are usually followed by a verb in gerund form:
ü admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can't help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, report, resent, risk, can't stand, suggest, understand
Look at these examples:
ü She is considering having a holiday.
ü Do you feel like going out?
ü I can't help falling in love with you.
ü I can't stand not seeing you.
D) Some verbs can be followed by the gerund form or the infinitive form without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start
ü I like to play tennis.
ü I like playing tennis.
ü It started to rain.
ü It started raining.
Note: Gerunds are sometimes called "verbal nouns".
Online Practice
4. PAST MODAL VERBS OF DEDUCTION
Usage Tip
Use "might have + participle" for a past modal verb of probability.
The other forms include "could have + participle - possibility, must have + participle - almost certain, can't have + participle - almost certain in a negative way.
Example Sentences
ü She must have been ill. She rarely misses a meeting.
ü They might have bought a new car. I'm not sure.
Online Practice
http://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/modals-ex.htm
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.may3.p.htm
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.may3.i.htm
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.may3.p.htm
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.may3.i.htm
5. THE PASSIVE ONLINE EXPLANATION & EXERCISES
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